University of East London
School of architecture & the visual art
Student Name: Samuel Goitom
Student number: 1015645
Module title: Visual Communication and Cultural Meaning
Module code: VT2006
Assignment title: Essay
Submission date: 15th December 2011
Artist: Pablo Picasso
Title: pablo picasso eating fish
Medium/technique: Linocut
The history of printmaking parallels the history of art and is
one of the oldest art forms. The earliest linocut by Heckle,
was making by 1903, Heckle was probably the first major
figure to take up the
technique.The first major artist to adopt the
medium Die Brücke in
Germany from 1905-1913. Kandinsky was making colour linocuts by
about 1907. Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut.
The material is linoleum which was first manufactured in 1860.
Each technique has its own distinctive style, imposed by the tools,
materials, and printing methods.The technique is essentially
a development of woodcut, the earliest of printmaking methods,
but linocuts are much simpler to make because the material is
soft and grainless and therefore easier to work. Linocuts have been
much used in the art education. The material is softer than wood
which makes it easier to cut into the surface with a sharp knife,
V-shaped lino handle or gouge. The surface is cut in reverse of the final image.
The areas cut away will be white (the paper) and the area left in
relief will hold the ink and print black or a colour. To make a print;
the surface of the carved blocks is inked using a rubber roller.
Then a sheet of handmade paper is laid on top. The back of the paper
is rubbed by hand. When all the inked parts of the image are
transferred evenly onto the paper, the paper is peeled away from
the block and hung up to dry. Using the hand method of printing
allows for more subtlety and fine detail to be revealed as the
pressure used can be varied.
Linocut is a relief printing process using techniques. Since linoleum
offers an easier surface for working, linocuts offer more precision
and a greater variety of effects than woodcuts. Artists like Picasso and
Matisse brought popularity and respectability to the medium.
What is concerned here is white-line and black-line prints.
A negative pattern is cut with a special tool in linoleum, that is quite firm.
The completed block is inked with a brayer and then printed on paper.
Only the raised parts on the linoleum block leave an impression.
Linocut is particularly suited to creating fairly coarse motifs
with broad surfaces that can be represented in clear cut surfaces
and smooth contours. Linoleum is such a porous material that,
even when only lightly inked, dappled textures sometimes
appear in the linocut print. Colour prints can also be made with linocut;
a separate block must be made for each colour and they are printed
one over the other successively. Artists quickly discovered, however,
that when a drawing is translated into a woodcut or engraving
it takes on totally new characteristics. Before offset printing
was developed with its mechanical capabilities, linocut was
also used for printing advertising and all sorts of posters. The following
artists frequently used linocut: Maurice Vlaminck, Christian Rohlfs,
Karl Rössing, Matisse and Pablo Picasso. Picasso developed a
method for printing colour linocut with a single block. Linocut is
essentially the same process as woodcut, the only difference is
that linoleum block is softer and easier to use as a craft material.
Two of the greatest 20th Century artists - titans and creative sparring partners.
They show the world that it was possible to be friends, to greater innovation
and although excellent work has been done by Matisse and Picasso
as early as 1939. Together for the first time on a much smaller scale,
paintings by Matisse and Picasso were shown in a mixed exhibition
at the Galerie Berthe Weill in 1902 in Paris - a hundred years ago.
Picasso was probably the first person to devise a reduction method
by cutting and printing each color from one block until only the last
colour portion remains on the block.
Matisse executed over 70 linocuts between 1938 and 1952 in
a fluent white-line technique.Matisse began painting still-lives and
landscapes in the traditional Flemish style, at which he achieved
reasonable proficiency. Most of his early works employ a dark
palette and tend to be gloomy. Chardin was one of Matisse's
most admired painters having made four the French still-life
master paintings in the Louvre. Matisse Influenced by the works of
the post-Impressionists Paul Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and
Paul Signac, and also by Japanese art, Matisse made color a
crucial element of his paintings. He made hundreds of drawings,
original prints and illustrated books. This last art form included
what Matisse called his 'flower books'. These were beautiful
objects in themselves, inspired by the tradition of the Medieval
manuscript. Faces, body parts, lovers, fruit and flowers reveal
Matisse's exquisite arabesque lines, along with an extraordinary
sense of colour. Many of his paintings from 1899 to 1905 make
use of a pointillist technique adopted from Signac. In 1898, he
went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner.Turner,
John Mallord William (1775-1851). One of the finest landscape
artist was J.M.W. Turner; his work was exhibited when he was still
a teenager. His entire life was devoted to his art. Unlike many
artists of his era, Matisse was successful throughout his career.
And then went on a trip to Corsica. Venice was the inspiration of
some of Turner's finest work. Wherever he visited he studied the
effects of sea and sky in every kind of weather. His early training
had been as a topographic draftsman. With the years, however,
he developed a painting technique all his own. Instead of merely
recording factually what he saw, Turner translated scenes into a
light-filled expression of his own romantic feelings. Matisse, already
established as one of the leaders of the Fauve movement, first met
Picasso in his studio in 1906. Picasso, twelve years Matisse's junior,
was then known as much for his fiery personality and tempestuous
romances as for his innovative artistic style; a stark contrast to the
refined, family-oriented Matisse. Despite their differences, the two
men began what would become the most important relationship
of their artistic lives.
Picasso started to reuse linoleum in the late 1950’s and early 60s.
Picasso’s innovation continued with his use of the one-block process
he devised for colour printing. The artist's innovative use of a singular
block in the printing of linocuts enabled him to achieve brilliantly and
richly coloured works on paper, evident in such works within the
exhibition as Nature Morte a la Pastesque (1962).This is known
as the reduction or suicide method of printing. Once an area of
colour has been printed it must be carved away to allow it to show
through when the next, darker colour is printed over the top.
This calls for extreme accuracy in laying the same piece of paper
onto the lino block. Picasso’s linocuts were made by gouging out a
sheet of linoleum which had been fused onto a harder block of wood.
In a Woodcut an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood,
with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the
non-printing parts are removed. Hand cut woodblock print is zine
by several different ways. How hard to cut the design in the hard wood.
Portrait of Pablo Picasso eating a fish. Printed black ink on white
printmaking paper which is cropped right to the edge of the image.
Linoleum, softer and lighter than wood, allowed Picasso to work more
quickly than would have been possible by working from woodblocks alone.)
Picasso is known for the great number of techniques used in
producing his original graphics. Picasso's colour linocuts, executed
at the height of his prodigious career are considered the crowning
achievement of his graphic work. Influential visual art styles of the
early twentieth century and was simultaneously implemented
by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who both attained this
style independently from one another. Cubism dissolved the image
into simple geometric surfaces, mostly cubes. By means of this
method, the form was split up, so that Cubism made for the first
form of abstraction. Pablo Picasso influenced by a study of African
art received an important impulse for this painting from the edgy
wood carvings. The art of Paul Cézanne gave Cubism important impulses
One of the world's birthday celebrations for Rembrandt is happening in
One of the world's birthday celebrations for Rembrandt is happening in
Cincinnati this winter and spring thanks to the remarkable print collection
of the Cincinnati Art Museum. The Cincinnati Art Museum is one of
the oldest art museums in the United States (1881). Although better
known as a painter, Rembrandt is considered one of the greatest
printmakers of all time, producing over three hundred works. He was
one of the first artists to experiment with etching and dry point techniques.
He frequently reworked his printing plates and used various ink
applications to suggest atmosphere. To study Rembrandt's etchings is
to do more than read dates, signatures, classify subject matter, and
number printing states. He is considered a truly genius printmaker.
the imagery resources I have created. I used one
of newspaper history about Environment, such as
the negative space ink drawing, for a linocut composition,
the basis for a series extended to this printing process.
I make a clear contour line drawing with a soft pencil on tracing paper.
When I'm drawing on the block, I'm concentrating on the composition or placement of the elements in the design, and the proportions or skeletal
structure of the objects in the image. Many of the ultimate decisions
for how the image will appear are saved for when I'm cutting the block.
Keep in mind - the areas that will be inked on the plate are
the areas not cut. I was cutting the spaces between the lines,
shapes and textures of my drawing.I've started to cut the block,
using two lino handle - a fine pointed V for sharp little lines.
I have one small V cutters, one small U and one that is almost flat.
Most of the time I use the small V and the almost flat tool from Pfeil.
I use the same tools for linocut. The cutting edges against to keep
them sharp while and a lino handle number 7 to remove larger areas.
Cutting a block is definitely a one-way street - once it's cut, it's gone!
I’ve got be pretty confident about what I want. It’s a unique way to
make an image, in that I visual vocabulary is limited to strictly
black and white - none of the greys that can be achieved with
a pencil are possible. I mentioned above that many of the line
cut decisions about the image are made while cutting the block .
Without a range of values, the distance from one another and the
width of the lines becomes extremely important. I enjoy the
challenge of working quite small, as it magnifies and celebrates
the inherent difficulties of this form of image-making. Once the
block is cut, I am ready to print.
A slab of ink is rolled onto a glass slab, and the ink is then rolled
onto the block. One of the many variables in printing is the amount of
ink that is applied to the block - too much or too little will both result in
ruined prints.
The template is placed on the pressed, ready for the block and the paper.
The inked block is transferred to the Paper, and then the block is laid on
The template is placed on the pressed, ready for the block and the paper.
The inked block is transferred to the Paper, and then the block is laid on
top of the paper.
Here's the really exciting moment in the process - the pulling of the print!
Here's the really exciting moment in the process - the pulling of the print!
The inked block and the paper have been through the press.
The block is carefully pulled from the paper, and I am got my first look at
the finished print. It is linocut image is about the life in the marine was
threat by Human, marine supposed looking after, but they polluted
chemicals and oil. There are different types of pollution, but there is
one definition, which covers all forms: pollution. There are a lot of
sea animals dead. Fish were counted dead by the Environment Agency,
but the total death toll could be much higher as many would have died and
sunk to the bottom of the river where they could not be counted. This was a
particularly bad incident with a lot of wildlife affected. However, it is a
positive thing that the Environment Agency is prosecuting the people
responsible for causing incidents.
Threat to the World’s marine animal. Major observed threats to
the world’s coral reefs include extreme climate events, unsustainable
tourism practices, poison fishing for ornamental fish, overexploitation
by fisheries, sedimentation, coral harvesting, dynamite fishing and pollution .
This printmaking explains which activities or conditions are affecting
various fish throughout the world. Polluting is that are threatened by
overexploitation, coastal development, inland pollution and marine
pollution, and the degree to
which they are under threat.
Everyone knows that the Earth's surface is covered by 70% water, so why
fuss of protecting water? One significant impact of human activity upon
the oceans is marine pollution. It is not just oil pollution from accidents
and illegally discharged tank cleaning wastes. Marine pollution includes
a range of threats including from land-based sources, oil spills, untreated
sewage, heavy siltation, nutrient enrichment, invasive species, persistent
organic pollutants, metals from mine tailings and other sources, acidification,
radioactive substances, marine litter, overfishing and destruction of coastal
and marine habitats. A major threat beyond overexploitation of fisheries and
physical destruction of marine coastal habitats by dredging is undoubtedly
the strong increase in coastal development and discharge of untreated
sewage into the near-shore waters, resulting in enormous amounts of
nutrients spreading into the sea and coastal zones. Ships can pollute
waterways and oceans in many ways. Boat’s engine when it is running
and it pollutes the water, killing animals with the chemicals in the
exhaust from the engine. The engine gives off excess gasoline,
which pollutes the waters and ends up killing the animals. A coral
reef is home to many marine Animal and plants.
Many marine animals actually look like plants, too. There are lots
of plants in the sea, just like on the land. But, the plants in the sea are
different from plants on land. They are able to live under water.
The chemicals in the ocean are killing much of the fish population.
Harmful chemicals in the ocean are many things found in the ocean
may cause seafood to be dangerous.
It's important to understand the community. Pollution causes a
variety of problems for the environment. Everyone, including you
is to blame for this. That's why you must do your part in solving
the pollution problem. Exports to the marine environment are
projected to increase tons of Nitrogen are discharged annually
of life and look at water in a different way.
These may become further exacerbated as coastal populations.
together with changes in salinity, melting sea ice,
increased sea temperatures and future changes in sea
currents may severely affect marine life and its ability to
recover from extreme climatic events. Also, it will severely
exacerbate the effects of extreme weather and the productivity
of coastal ecosystems to supply livelihoods and basic food
to impoverish.
Artist: Samuel Goitom Artist: Pablo Picasso
Title: Lost Fish Title: pablo picasso eating
eating
Medium/technique: Linocut Medium/technique: linocut/woodcut
Completion Date: 11/2011
Bibliography
· Picasso and printmaking in Paris
· Marine Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation By Julian Roberts
· Current Marine Environmental Issues and the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
· The book on the subject: Lino-Cuts: A Handbook of
Linoleum-Cut
Colour Printing (1927, revised edition 1948)
· The Art and Craft of Lino Cutting and Printing (1934).
· Paris 1937.
· Paul Valery and others. Paris, 1937. Illustrated with 62
original etchings,
31 full page by Matisse, Vlaminck, Derain, Van Dongen,
Bonnard, and others.
One of 200 copies. Ref: Duthuit books
· The exhibition is co-organized
by The Museum of Modern Art,
together with
Tate Modern, London, and the Reunion des
MuséesNatonaux/
Musée Picasso,
Musée National d'Art Moderne/Centre
Georges Pompidou, Paris.
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